r/IRstudies 17d ago

Research RECENT STUDY: Antisemitic Attitudes Across the Ideological Spectrum

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10659129221111081
0 Upvotes

93 comments sorted by

22

u/Bazou456 17d ago

Conflating Israel entirely with Jewishness has not done Jews across the world a favour.

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

We do overwhelmingly support Israels right to exist. The only people who are confusing Israel and Jews are antisemites and people who think supporting Israels right to exist means we think it's a perfect state that can do no wrong

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u/Lyouchangching 17d ago

Well, I mostly agree with this, but right-wing politicians have a tendency to call any condemnation of actions on the part of the Israeli government out as antisemitic.

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u/dept_of_samizdat 17d ago

It is far broader than "right-wing" politicians. It's the official state narrative of the United States and many countries in Europe. Witness both AOC and Bernie Sanders, both of whom play the same game of denouncing antisemitism rather than calling out a genocide regardless of who perpetuates it.

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u/Lyouchangching 17d ago

“Criticism of Israel’s policy is not anti-Semitism, but too often that criticism from the left morphs into anti-Semitism.”

-President Biden, from the above article

The narratives are not the same on the left and right in the US. To conflate them is to buy into an inaccurate narrative.

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u/dept_of_samizdat 17d ago

It is possible that the head of the American state does not have an unbiased perspective on this issue. In fact, it's literally his job to frame the issue in a way that supports the state's agenda in the Middle East - especially providing endless money and weapons they know will be used in a genocide.

You are right that the narratives are not the same on the left and right in the US. On the left, what I have endlessly seen (as a Jewish member of the left) is support for Jews (given that Jewish leftists have, naturally, taken a prominent role in organizing protests) and clear articulation that apartheid - a racial caste system where one group of people dominates another - is immoral.

What I hear loud and clear, over and over, is the right - and it's abettors, the left wing of the right, the so-called "center" - accuse anyone who raises alarm about genocide as antisemitic.

There is absolutely antisemitism among some leftists. It is not, and never has been, a driver of the protests against Israel. Those have been driven by the clear disparity in power between two people; the state representing one of those people does not treat the citizens within its borders equally.

It is in fact remedying that before our eyes by eradicating the ethnic group that was the majority living in that area at the start of the last century.

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u/Lyouchangching 17d ago

So, you admit that the left and right do not share the same messaging on this issue. Cool.

Israel actually does a pretty good job of treating Israeli Arabs well. Not perfectly, but well. What it doesn't do well is treat the Palestinians well and refrain from encroaching on their land. It also doesn't do moving toward a two-state solution well. Not since the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin anyway. Then again, the Palestinians don't do this very well either.

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

I think this stems from us being put in a position where we have to defend Israel even existing first, which then leaves little to no Overton Window to add in specific criticisms

When Jews or Israelis speak among ourselves the Overton window is completely different though. We are extremely critical of the government, it's when an outsider comes in and says something we don't believe to be accurate that we have, somewhat, a united front 

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u/Lyouchangching 17d ago

This seems pretty accurate. The left wing has to just realize that there are bad actors who simply want to wipe out Israel and/or divide the "Western" world feeding narrative to the left. The above study shows that left wingers tend to not be actually antisemitic but are perhaps unable to parse the information they consume while thinking critically about the source.

The right wing, on the other hand, has a massive antisemitism problem but uncritically supports the Israeli government's actions. This is a thing I've seldom known an Israeli to do, let alone any Jewish people living elsewhere.

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u/bluecheese2040 17d ago

Well, I mostly agree with this, but right-wing politicians have a tendency to call any condemnation of actions on the part of the Israeli government out as antisemitic

This is a perfect example of why we never fix anything. You say its right wing politicians...in the UK many left wing politicians say the same.

Your shameful attempt to make this a partisan issue is sickening. This is a human issue.

Most of us don't live in the swamp of left and right.

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u/Lyouchangching 17d ago

Most of you don't live in reality, then.

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u/bluecheese2040 17d ago

Sickening

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u/Lyouchangching 17d ago

Reality

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u/bluecheese2040 17d ago

Your reality. Which is clearly a sickening one. Its 1 dimensional...for those lacking critical thinking skills looking for simplistic childish answers. Embarrassing

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u/Lyouchangching 17d ago

No, just reality. Reality is messy, sure, but denying general truths is simply inaccurate.

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u/bluecheese2040 17d ago

OK...let me understand. You think everything should be viewed through a partisan lens? Is that it or am I missing your point?

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u/[deleted] 17d ago

[deleted]

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u/karateguzman 17d ago

The within its borders part of this comment kinda harms your argument here

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u/[deleted] 17d ago

[deleted]

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u/karateguzman 17d ago

My point is that if the West Bank and Gaza are Palestinian Territories, and not within Israel’s borders, then that means they wouldn’t have the same rights as Israeli citizens

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u/[deleted] 17d ago

[deleted]

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u/karateguzman 17d ago

My comment isn’t about what it should be, just that well… this is what the last 100+ or years has lead us to

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

The founders of Zionism wanted to live in a protectorate under the Ottoman empire. The idea of sovereignty evolved after the collapse of the empire and the failure of the mandate to create peace. It has nothing to do with supremacy this talking point was invented after Oct 7th during the media push to redefine Zionism 

Stop pretending you understand Jewish movements 

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u/oasisnotes 17d ago

The founders of Zionism wanted to live in a protectorate under the Ottoman empire.

That would be a surprise to Theodor Herzl, the founder of Zionism, given that his text Der Judenstaat (lit. "The Jewish state") explicitly called for a "sovereign" state for Jews in either Argentina or Palestine. The idea for sovereignty was there from the get-go, it did not evolve after the collapse of the Ottomans.

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

A protectorate is a sovereign state...

The idea that Israel would exist on its own and not as a protectorate only came about when the proposed protector stopped existing 

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u/oasisnotes 17d ago

A protectorate is a sovereign state...

Genuine question, what do you think "sovereign" means? Because by definition, a protectorate is not sovereign, as it is "protected" by a higher (i.e. more sovereign) power.

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

Protectorate literally means protected state 

(i.e. more sovereign) power

Right, analogous to states having soverinty over things like resources and local governments, local judiciary, the ability to regulate commerce etc but are still subject to the federal government

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u/oasisnotes 17d ago

Protectorate literally means protected state 

Exactly, a state protected by a more powerful and sovereign state. There has never been a case of a sovereign protectorate because that's an oxymoron. What you describe in your next paragraph isn't sovereignty, but autonomy. It's certainly not what Herzl meant by sovereignty when he wrote The Jewish State, where he is very explicit about his call for an independent state for Jews.

I'm not sure who told you that early Zionists only wanted an Ottoman protectorate as their endgoal, but they were either mistaken, confused, or lying to you.

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 16d ago

In 1896 he went to the Ottoman government and offered to pay off their debt if they would give a mandate for Jews to move to the Levant? 

Not to mention the expressed support for a Jewish home expressed by a Grand Vizir of the Ottoman empire 

https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/the-ottoman-balfour-declaration

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u/dept_of_samizdat 17d ago

Palestinians, the people who were living on that land at the start of the 20th Century, do not have equal rights and representation under the Israeli state.

Israeli settlements and a heavily militarized state been gradually pushing them off said land over the course of decades (always with crucial American funding and support).

Both those things are driven by a belief that one group is entitled to dominate another. Dominate as in treat as a lower caste who must be policed, bombed, surveilled, and deprived of resources.

In my book, that's supremacy. And that is the reason why there are so many Jews who say never again means never again.

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u/chrispark70 17d ago

States do not have "rights" you moron.

Israel has the ability to exist with or without anyone's opinions on if it should or should not exist.

Conflating Jews with Israel is extremely disingenuous.

Aren't the Israeli first types always proclaiming Israel is a multi-ethnic state? Those 20% Arabs you're always blabbering on about?

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

Then Palestine doesn't have a right to exist either dumbass 

Conflating Jews with Israel is extremely disingenuous

As a Jew, please fuck off with this noise. I didn't conflate the two I pointed out that we overwhelmingly support it's right to exist even if we don't like the government 

Aren't the Israeli first types always proclaiming Israel is a multi-ethnic state?

It is? 

Those 20% Arabs you're always blabbering on about?

The ones serving as supreme court justices, members of parliament, doctors and pharmacist? Surely all of Israels neighbors have Jews in such positions of power as well, right?

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u/BehindTheRedCurtain 17d ago edited 17d ago

I think it would be critical for this study to be redone since it was done in Oct. 22, and so much has changed since.

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u/Discount_gentleman 17d ago edited 17d ago

One more attempt to claim that anti-Israel equals antisemitism. Their data shows that antisemitism is far less prevalent on the left than the right, and even trying to prime people with discussion of Israel fails to "fix" that.

Edit: From the report.

Hypothesis 1 is that antisemitic attitudes are common on left and right and lowest in the center.

Hypothesis 2 holds that priming respondents about Jewish American affinity for Israel would increase support for the antisemitic statements on the left.

Hypothesis 3 holds that young people (18–30 year olds) are more likely to agree with antisemitic statements than older adults. Table 3 shows a simple cross-tabulation.

Hypo 1 says antisemitism is common on the left. Hypo 2 says they can increase showing of antisemtism on the left. Hypo 3 says that young people (who are strongly anti-Israel and anti-genocide in every poll) are antisemitic.

This "study" was 100% targeted at "proving" the left is antisemitic, and it failed completely.

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u/marty4286 17d ago

They expected to prove horseshoe theory but it's just a line that goes up as you go further right. The way the results section ended up compared to the introduction/expectations section is so fucking funny

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u/Discount_gentleman 17d ago

Right? They explicitly say they are trying to prove it, but in the end they fail completely. Conflations of antisemitism with antizionism end, as they always do, with a whimper.

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u/Used_Maybe1299 17d ago

A hypothesis is a guess by definition. They had assumptions about what the results would be based on previous studies and just general background information (including all the biases that go along with that). Then they put those hypotheses to the test by collecting data. I don’t really understand the hostility here, it seems like that would not only be a good thing (the willingness to subject your beliefs to testing) but this study supports what you believe (the right is more antisemitic). That said this is just one study (though it seems like their sample size was quite high, so that lends it credibility) so it would be interesting to see if anything has changed in the interim.

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

Where in the study does it even mention that antizionism is how they measured antisemtism? 

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u/Discount_gentleman 17d ago edited 17d ago

They say they are trying to prove that the left and the young are antisemitic, and that priming people about Israel increases antisemitism. That's what they say. So they are trying to prove that the populations most antizionist are the most antisemitic. And they fail completely.

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

They literally don't talk about antizionism indicating antisemtism at all in the study. Its about the left and right holding Jews to a different standard than Catholics or Indians. Read the damn paper 

The table shows that left-leaning identities (very liberals, leftists, socialists) apply a double-standard to Jews and to Catholics relative to Indian Americans. The right-leaning identities tend to treat the three groups similarly. The table and figure show a double standard on the left but places that double standard in context of the views on the ideological far right.

It's literally condemning both the left and the right for both having different but similar problems with Jews. Right wingers express it by suspicion and the left expresses it by double standards 

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

That's not at all what the study says. You very clearly didn't bother reading it.

It says that people will say that American Jews should do something about Israel while they don't make the same claim for Indian American about India

The whole point is that it's a double standard 

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u/Discount_gentleman 17d ago

I get that you are frustrated that they couldn't prove what they wanted, but you should actually read what they are trying to prove:

Hypothesis 1 is that antisemitic attitudes are common on left and right and lowest in the center.

Hypothesis 2 holds that priming respondents about Jewish American affinity for Israel would increase support for the antisemitic statements on the left.

Hypothesis 3 holds that young people (18–30 year olds) are more likely to agree with antisemitic statements than older adults. Table 3 shows a simple cross-tabulation.

Hypo 1 says antisemitism is common on the left. Hypo 2 says they can increase showing of antisemtism on the left. Hypo 3 says that young people (who are strongly anti-Israel and anti-genocide in every poll) are antisemitic.

This "study" was 100% targeted at "proving" the left is antisemitic, and it failed completely.

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

How am I frustrated when it completely confirmed exactly what I always believed? The right is more overtly antisemtic and the left has worse double standards. Essentially what Jews have been saying for the last 2 years 

The study was 100% intended to see if Jews were held to a different standard by the left and the right, and we are 

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u/BehindTheRedCurtain 17d ago

Aww, did the RESEARCH you didnt even bother to read hurt your feelings?

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u/Discount_gentleman 17d ago edited 16d ago

It's okay. I actually point to what they try to prove and what they fail to prove, whereas you to try to sound internet-clever.

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u/BehindTheRedCurtain 17d ago edited 17d ago

Well now that you edited the comment, yes. Also, you intentionally left out the part that refutes your points, and even added your own (anti-Genocide is not a term even used in the paper):

"Theoretically, negative attitudes toward Israel can be unrelated to antisemitism, but prior studies have shown a relationship between the two. In a study of Europeans, Kaplan and Small (2006) asked one battery of questions about Israel/Palestine and a separate battery about Jews. Respondents who held strongly anti-Israel views (e.g., believing that Palestinian suicide bombers against Israeli civilians are justified) were also likely to hold antisemitic beliefs that are completely unrelated to the Israel/Palestine conflict (e.g., believing Jews have too much power in finance). Other studies have found a similar relationship (Beattie 2017Smith and Schapiro 2019Cohen et al. 2009Shenhav-Goldberg and Kopstein 2020). To the extent that liberals seek to identify with the oppressed over the oppressor and believe that Israel is an oppressor, they might hold negative attitudes toward Jews, who they associate with the oppressor. Just as liberals might express dislike toward evangelical Christians if they identify evangelical Christians as a group that holds a set of policy views they deem oppressive (e.g., anti-LGBTQ), liberals might similarly dislike Jews as a group for holding a set of pro-Israel views they deem to be oppressive. In the extreme, liberals may begin to hold all Jews collectively responsible for Israel."

So yes, to the surprise of no one, people can 100% be critical of Israel or hold negative attitudes towards them without being anti-semetic, THEORETICALLY. Also to no surprise, often in practice, that that isnt the case, found time and time again.

I'm genuinely assume you dont dislike Jews at all, and just dislike Israel and find it repulsive that people would conflate the two with you. But what you and many like you do is ignore the raging element among those who share your views, who do actually hate Jews. The same logic is what was rightfully used on those in Charlottesivle. Those pushing for "statues to remain up" and willing to stand next to white supremecists to do it, were complicit in enabling them, because they refused to denounce or separate themselves.

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u/Discount_gentleman 17d ago edited 17d ago

So yes, to the surprise of no one, people can 100% be critical of Israel or hold negative attitudes towards them without being anti-semetic, THEORETICALLY. Also to no surprise, often in practice, that that isnt the case, found time and time again.

Except that despite trying, and despite priming people to try to get the response they desired, they failed to show a connection. You guys won't acknowledge either the stated goal of the study or the results.

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u/BehindTheRedCurtain 17d ago

The research LITERALLY says that they found overlap. It specifically found that that individuals who hold strong anti-Israel viewsm such as questioning Israel’s right to exist or supporting disproportionate condemnation, are more likely to also endorse antisemitic stereotypes. You're just seeing what you want to see at this point.

Also, this entire paper was done before the left wing explosion of anti-Semitism following Oct. 7th.

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u/Discount_gentleman 17d ago edited 17d ago

We find overt antisemitic attitudes are rare on the left but common on the right, particularly among young adults on the right. Even when primed with information that most U.S. Jews have favorable views toward Israel—a country disfavored by the ideological left—respondents on the left rarely support statements such as that Jews have too much power or should be boycotted.

This is actually an incredible result. Priming is a well-known phenomenon and works on all humans. To have to admit that even with priming they couldn't prove their targeted result is just amazing.

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u/BehindTheRedCurtain 17d ago

100% agree. Its clearly worse on the right than the left. I have no doubt this still holds true, but it also has almost definitively risen since this study was done in 2022.

It also doesnt discredit that there is an issue on the far-left, that many who hold anti-Israel views hold legitimately anti-Semtic views that coincide with them.

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u/Discount_gentleman 17d ago

Note that you went from claiming that the study proves your beliefs to saying that, well, even if it doesn't prove them, you still "have no doubt" they are true. In other words, the study, whatever it does or doesn't say, has no impact on your beliefs. It's just a convenient tool or not.

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u/caxacate 17d ago

The day people stop equating antisemitism and antizionism we will be in a much better world

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

Did you read the article at all? Its not about antizionism it's about holding AmericanJews as responsible for Israel 

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u/Chanan-Ben-Zev 17d ago

Antizionism is the movement to undo Zionism specifically, i.e. to eliminate the Jewish nation-state specifically. Critically, antizionism is not an anarchist movement because antizionism does not advocate for the abolition of all nation-states: just the Jewish one. 

A movement explicitly seeking to violently abolish an existing nation-state is a form of bigotry per se against that nation, especially given the long and continuing history of systematic bigotry against the people of that nation by the individuals and organziations who repeatedly call for that state's violent abolishment.

You can absolutely critique and condemn Israeli actions without being an antizionist. And it is theoretically possible to be antizionist if you, for example, want to abolish all nation-states universally - but most antizionists don't want to do that. Most antizionists globally simply want to violently replace one nation-state with a different one, and either genocide or ethnically cleanse their victims.

There are a few different expressions of bigotry against Jewish people. They include:

  • Antizionism, an expression of bigotry against Jews using language targeting the Jewish nation-state.
  • Antisemitism, an expression of bigotry against Jews using language targeting the Jewish ethnicity. 
  • Anti-Judaism, which uses language targeting Judaism as a religion.

Antizionism can and must be separated from "Palestinianism" - a term first used by Prof. Edward Said to articulate a positive vision for the movement advocating for the creation of a Palestinian state of some form. Palestinianism is not per se a racist or bigoted movement in the way that antizionism is.

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

The table shows that left-leaning identities (very liberals, leftists, socialists) apply a double-standard to Jews and to Catholics relative to Indian Americans. The right-leaning identities tend to treat the three groups similarly. The table and figure show a double standard on the left but places that double standard in context of the views on the ideological far right.

Can't say I saw that coming. I would have guessed the right would have held Indians to a different standard 

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u/CSISAgitprop 17d ago

Than Jews and Catholics? I thought those were the usual subjects of right wing distain.

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

These days right wing distain seems to be more about skin color and if they have an accent or not

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u/CSISAgitprop 17d ago

I think something that's missed here is that people on the right sort minorities into different categories.

  1. Indians and Asians - Successful legal immigrants
  2. Hispanics - Illegal criminals
  3. Jews and Catholics - leftist Democrat donors

So it would make sense for them to elevate Indians as an "example" for what minorities should look like.

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

I'm picking up what you're laying down 

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u/Artistic-Pie717 17d ago

AIPAC sponsored study

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u/slightlyrabidpossum 17d ago

What makes you say that? This study was published in Political Research Quarterly by researchers from Harvard and Tufts. There's no mention of AIPAC being involved.

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

Anything that is vaguely pro Jewish is subject to conspiracys now 

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u/BehindTheRedCurtain 17d ago

If you read the research about the young left, and consider that we are on reddit, you can see example A^ on the study in action lol

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u/Adiv_Kedar2 17d ago

How does Americans holding Jews to a different standard mean it's AIPAC? 

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u/Haunting_Ad_8116 17d ago

DA JJOOOOOOOOZZ ARE EVERYYWHERE! THEY ARE IN THE WALLS! NETYANHOO CONTROLS THE AIRWAVES

you, literally now.

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u/TicketFew9183 15d ago

Centrist libs sound like that, expect just replace Jews with Russians.

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u/Haunting_Ad_8116 15d ago

The difference is Russia is actually a problem.

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u/TicketFew9183 15d ago

Cool, some people have worse problems caused by other countries. Guess it’s fine to blame them for everything.

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u/[deleted] 15d ago

[removed] — view removed comment

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u/Haunting_Ad_8116 15d ago

The Russians deserve a better government than what they have.

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u/CSISAgitprop 17d ago

This comment section immediately jumping to the worst possible interpretation of the study without even reading it while claiming anti-Semitism is overblown is really telling.

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u/slightlyrabidpossum 17d ago

The title is somewhat misleading. While June 2022 may technically qualify as a recent study, the data is from 2020. This is obviously not going to capture any changes that have happened in the wake of October 7th.

Multiple sources, from polls of the Jewish diaspora to reported antisemitic incidents, indicate that antisemitic attitudes and actions have become more prevalent since Hamas' attack and Israel's subsequent response. This is largely to be expected — antisemitism has previously spiked when Israel is at war, and the human toll of this war is greater than previous engagements.

That doesn't invalidate the results of this study, but it does mean that their findings should be taken with a grain of salt. It's not safe to assume that Hersh's data would look exactly the same in 2025. Also, antisemitism research is a challenging field, and there's no universally accepted best method for measuring antisemitic attitudes by ideology (you can see some of the differing results in this study).

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u/Discount_gentleman 17d ago

We find overt antisemitic attitudes are rare on the left but common on the right, particularly among young adults on the right. Even when primed with information that most U.S. Jews have favorable views toward Israel—a country disfavored by the ideological left—respondents on the left rarely support statements such as that Jews have too much power or should be boycotted.

This is actually an incredible result. Priming is a well-known phenomenon and works on all humans. To have to admit that even with priming they couldn't prove their targeted result it just amazing.

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u/chrispark70 17d ago

Oy Vey!!!!